Computer Generation I (1940-1959)
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) is the first generation of digital electronic computers Used for common needs. Pgamroposal oada ENIAC was Designed in 1942, and began to be made in 1943 by Dr. John W. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and was completed in 1946
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ENIAC was huge, for placement need space 500m2. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, 75,000 relays and switches, 10,000 capacitors, resistors and 70,000. When operated, ENIAC requires electrical power of 140 kilowatts with a weight of more than 30 tons, and occupies a space 167 m2.
Von Neumann Machine
This machine was developed by an expert matamatika John Von Neumann is also a kosultan ENIAC project. This machine was developed starting in 1945 which gives the idea as a stored-program concept, a concept to simplify the process for the program can be represented in a form suitable for storage in memory for all data. This idea is also made almost at the same time by Turing. Next Von Neumann publish it with a new name: the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC).
All input and output is done through plong card. In one second, ENIAC could perform 5000 calculations with a 10 digit number which when done manually by humans will take 300 days, and this is the fastest operating time than all other mechanical computer. ENIAC operated until 1955. The technology used ENIAC is to use vacuum tubes used by Bullet Control Research Laboratory Army (Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory-LBR), the United States.
Furthermore, this machine was developed back with improvements in 1947, billed as the first generation of modern programmed electronic computers which provided commercially by the name EDVAC, EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), and UNIVAC1 and 2 (Universal Automatic Computer), developed by Eckert and Mauchly. For the first time the computer is using the Random Access Memory (RAM) to store portions of the data we need quickly.
By John Von Neumann's concept dubbed the father of modern computer world's first concept is still in use today. John Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Hungary December 28, 1903 and died on February 8, 1957 in Washington DC, USA. Von Neumann was very smart in math and numbers. At the age of eman years he has been able to calculate the division with eight-digit numbers without using paper or other tools. His education began at the University of Budapest in 1921 majoring in chemistry. But then he returned to his favorite, mathematics, and completed his doctorate in mathematics in 1928. in 1930 he mendapatakan chance to go to Princeton University (USA). In 1933, the Institute of Advanced Studies was established and he became one of six mathematics professor there. Von Neumann later became an American citizen.
Von Neumann is also the first person who coined the term "Game Theory" which later evolved into a science in itself. Game theory is useful to simulate the game, like chess, bridge, and the like. He also useful to simulate war.
First Commercial Computer
In mid-1950 UNIVAC made progress in several aspects of advanced programming, which is the first general-purpose computer designed for use numbers and letters and use magnetic tape as the media input and output. This is said to be the birth of the computer industry is dominated by IBM and Sperry. UNIVAC computer was first used for calculation purposes in the U.S. census in 1951, and operated until 1963.
Computers, IBM Computers
IBM manufactures the IBM 605 and IBM 701 in 1953 oriented business applications and is the most popular computer until 1959. IBM 705 issued to replace the IBM 701 which then solidify IBM in the data processing industry.
Computer Generation II (1959-1964)
Second-generation computers are marked with the following characteristics:
* Using technology in the form of transistor and diode circuits to replace vacuum tubes.
* It uses the operation of high-level programming language like FORTRAN and COBOL.
* The main memory capacity is developed from the Magnetic Core Storage.
* Using external savings in the form of Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk.
* The ability to process real time and real-sharing.
* Physical size is smaller than the first generation computer.
* The process is much faster operation, that is millions of operations per second.
* The need electric power is smaller.
* Orientation tidah program only focused on business applications, but also engineering applications.
UNIVAC III
Compared premises tube, transistor technology is much more efficient as a switch and can be reduced to a microscopic scale. In 2001, Intel researchers have introduced silicone smallest and fastest in the world, with a size of 20 nanometers ata comparable to the billionth of a meter, which will be used in the processor with a speed of 20 GHz (Giga Hertz). This era also marks the beginning of the emergence of minicomputers which is the second largest in the family computer. The price is cheaper than the first generation. Computers DEC PDP-8 minicomputers were first made in 1964 for commercial data processing.
The types of other computers that appears on this generation diantaranta UNIVAC III UNIVAC SS80, SS90, and 1107, IBM 7070, 7080, 1400, and 1600.
Computer Generation III (1964-1970)
In this third generation technology, integrated circuit (IC) became the main feature since begun to be used on a computer device to the current generation. IC Components hybrid or solid form (SLT) and monolithyc (MST). SLT is a transistor and diode are placed separately in one place while the MST is an element of transistors, diodes, and resistors are placed together in a single chip. More kesil MST but have kemmapuan greater than SLT.
IC was first created by Texas Istruments and Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 which contains only six transistors. Can we compare the current processors that we use already has millions, tens, hundreds of millions of transistors, has even designed processors with billions of transistors. A remarkable development in a period of less than half a century.
Ciri-ciri komputer generasi ketiga adalah:
* Karena menggunakan IC maka kinerja komputer menjadi lebih cepat dan tepat. Kecepatannya hampir 10.000 kali lebih cepat dari komputer generasi pertama.
* Peningkatan dari sisi software.
* Kapasitas memori lebih besar, dan dapat menyimpan ratusan ribu karakter (sebelumnya hanya puluhan ribu).
* Menggunakan media penyimpanan luar disket magnetik (external disk) yang sifat pengaksesan datanya secara acak (random access) dengan kapasitas besar (jutaan karakter).
* Penggunaan listrik lebih hemat.
* Kemampuan melakukan multiprocessing dan multitasking.
* Telah menggunakan terminal visual display dan dapat mengeluarkan suara.
* Harganya semakin murah.
* Kemampuan melakukan komunikasi dengan komputer lain.
IBM S/360, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000, Burroughts 5700, 6700, 7700, NCR Century, GE 600, CDC 3000, 6000, dan 7000, PDP-8, dan PDP-11 (pabrik pembuatnya adalah Digital Equipment Corporation) merupakan contoh-contoh komputer generasi ketiga.
Komputer Generasi IV (1970-1980-an)
The fourth generation of computers is a continuation of the third generation. The difference is that the IC on fourth generation of more complex and integrated. Since 1970 there are two developments that are considered as the fourth generation of computers. First, the use of large scale integration (LSI) which is also called Bipolar name Large Large Scale Integration. LSI is the solidification of the thousands who made a single IC in an IC chip called a chip. The term chip is used to indicate a rectangular plate containing an integrated circuit IC. LSI then developed into a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which can accommodate tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of ICs. Further development of micro-computers that use microprocessors and semiconductor memory as a chip to the internal computer while the previous generation using magnetic core storage.
Fourth Generation Computers: Apple II
Fourth Generation Computers: Apple II
Company Intel in 1971 introduced a 4-bit microcomputer that uses the processor chip with a 4004 that contains 230 transistors and runs at 108 KHz (Kilo-Hertz) and could execute 60,000 operations per second. Resumed in 1972, Intel introduced the 8008 microcomputer which processes 8 bits of information at one time. Furthermore, the microprocessor 8080 made in 1974, and is the first general-purpose processors. Previous 4004 and 8008 processors are designed for specific application needs, and the processor 8080 has the ability to more quickly and have a richer instruction set, and has greater addressing capability. In this fourth generation is still a color display monitor (green color).
Computer Generation IV: PDP 11
Fourth generation computers such as IBM 370, Apple I and Apple II, PDP-11, VisiCalc, and Altair is using the Intel 8080, with the operating system CP / M (Control Program for Microprocessor), with Microsoft's Basic programming language (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Please note that the fourth generation of computers is not one of them-Compatible PC or Macintosh-compatible. So in this generation not yet determined the standard of a computer, especially personal computers (PCs).
V Generation Computers (1980s-present)
Late in 1980, IBM decided to build a personal computer (PC) in bulk, which on August 12, 1981 to a standard PC computer, and in the end to this PC standard known as the IBM-PC. The processor used is 8088/8086 is the standard of today's computers, using a base process 16 bits per unit time. With the birth of this fifth-generation computers, IBM is working with Microsoft to develop software in it. Until now, Microsoft dominates the software needs of the world's PCs.
In further developments of great change that since the IBM-PC was introduced, and not be the only manufacturing PC-compatible, the new standard in the PC industry is more developed by other companies such as Intel and Microsoft pioneered by W. Bill Gates is a pioneer of hardware and software standards of the world.
In this fifth generation, has been developed with so-called Josephson Junction, which will replace the chip technology that has the ability to process billions of operations per second while the chip technology is only capable of processing billions of operations per second. Computers in this generation will be able to translate human language, humans can directly converse with the computer and the computer power savings. Extraordinary nature are referred to as "Artificial Intelligence", while also based Graphic User Interface (GUI), multimedia, and multikomunikasi.
Examples of the computer that is born on the fifth-generation x86-based, like the 286 chip, introduced in 1982 with 134,000 transistors, then chips 386 in 1983 with 275,000 transistors, while the 486 chip introduced in 1989 which has 1.2 million transistors. Furthermore, in 1993 Intel introduced the 586 processor family, called the Pentium 1 with the number of transistors 3.1 million to carry out the 90 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). Then proceed to the next generation of Pentium 2, 3, and 4.
At the end of 2000 Intel introduced the Pentium 4, which is the last in a family of Intel processors with 32 bit architecture (IA-32). In 2001 Intel announced the Itanium processor which is a base processor with 64 bit architecture (IA-64) first. Itanium is Intel's first processor with 64 bit instructions and will spawn a new generation of operating systems and applications, while still maintaining backward compatibility with 32 bit software. Please note that since the issuance of the 386 processor, the computer operates at 32 bits per unit time in executing the information up to Pentium 4. Until now the computer is used mostly still based on 32 bits.
On generation of pentium, in addition to typical on increasing data access speed image display also has a resolution (image quality), nice and colorful and multimedia, and more important is the function of computers become more intelligent. Although the computer in this generation becomes smaller physical size and simple but have an increasingly sophisticated capabilities.
Computer Generation VI: The Future
With computer technology available today, rather difficult to imagine how future computer. With the technology available today we seemed to have to "hold the world". In terms of technology, some computer scientists believe that one day create the so-called biochip that is made from materials sitetis protein. Robot made with this material will become human clone. While the technology currently in research stages right now of micro optic and audio input-output may be used by tomorrow's computers. Experts in computer science right now is trying to design a computer that does not require the writing and making of the program by the user. Computer without the program (programless computer) may form a major feature of computer generations to come.
Possible Future Computers
In principle, the characteristics of future computers are more sophisticated and cheaper and has the ability to include seeing, hearing, speaking, and thinking and able to make conclusions such as humans. This means the computer has an approach of artificial intelligence capabilities and human behavior. Another plus again, the intelligence to predict an event that will happen, able to communicate directly with humans, and its getting smaller. What is clear is the future of computers will be more amazing
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